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May I ask what is the difference between "displacement-based beam column element" and "force-based beam column element"? Why do the hysteresis curves of the same model drawn using two different elements differ so much, and it seems that the hysteresis curves drawn using the displacement method are completely incorrect.

The first image below is a hysteresis curve drawn using the force method, while the second image uses the displacement method.

Hi, the force and displacement based element differ in their finite element formulation. The error might be due to how discretization of the element is done. Please check the content provided in the link below to understand the theoretical difference of the two elements.

https://opensees.berkeley.edu/wiki/inde ... ed_Element